Nature

Scientific Concepts and Our Understanding
Advancement in technology and scientific research expertise revolutionized the concepts uncertain in last few decades. This enables human beings to advance their living standard and uncover the hidden prospects of nature. Contemporary revolution in scientific research has provided a deep insight about various issues pertaining to different fields. It has resulted in distinct implications classifying the importance and our understanding about the scientific concepts.

Genetic Engineering  A Scientific Revolution
Genetic engineering is a common term that created a revolution in the field of science pertaining living organisms. Genetic engineering refers to modification and manipulation in organisms genes that affect the biological functioning. In the mid of twentieth century, scientific advancement in biological field resulted in identification of various concepts that created a revolution in the industry. Particularly specifying the results, it provided information about biological components functioning of organisms, contagious diseases, procurement and treatment, and cellular component functioning. Specifically, researches about cell structure provided information about genes that forms the basic component of organisms structure.

DNA, the hereditary component in cells was assumed to be the change agent supporting cell functioning. Back in 1950, scientists proposed different theories for classifying cell organelles and their functioning. However, in 1952 Alfred Hershey confirmed the role of DNA as heredity whereas in proceeding years it was confirmed that it is a double helix structure containing information about key biological functions controlling the structure of organisms (Herring, 2006). Genetic engineering also refer to as molecular biology resulted in classification of genes and DNA specifying each activity and structure transforming the gene parts and modifications helped in curing many diseases and produce better quality organisms, free from any genetic defects.

Genetic engineering created a revolution in scientific control for diseases and modifying organisms structure in last decade. Genetic engineering has changed the perception of human beings over a period of time concerning the organisms structure and functional core components. It resulted in curing of several contagious diseases such as cancer, diabetes improved breeding products by changing the genes that helped in agricultural plants improvement.  Several researches and experiments in this field enabled the sequential pattern of genetic code understanding and associated concepts such as production, disease control and breeding (LeVine, 2006). Genetically restructured organisms experiments provided human beings a clear understanding about the role and effectiveness of genes transformation that will benefit reducing the potential weak components of organisms.

Many experiments have been conducted specifically in controlling diseases and improving agricultural crops that provides better growth rate and increased ability to combat against diseases. For example, In vitro fertilization, a unique genetic modification technique conducted on various mice resulted in producing genetically altered desired mice with specific characteristics, such as altered color, better size and growth rate etc (Herring, 2006). This created a revolution in human genetic engineering and presented with the concept that many diseases can be controlled by altering or modifying genetic combination sequence of cells. Therefore, human beings concept about creating genetically modified human beings was changed as now science is able to replace defected genes of human beings which can help in curing genetic diseases, or increase immunity against various diseases.

Other cloning experiment was conducted on sheep named Dolly in 1996 that resulted in producing the exact clone of the sheep (LeVine, 2006). This genetic experiment revealed new concept of understanding as no one in the world thought that their exact copy can be formed. Now combining the two, replacing the defected genes of human beings, such as child who are born with few deficiency (neurological disorder), new genes can be inserted in their body that will over period multiply and replace the defected gene through isolation and insertion process. This helped in preparing artificial insulin medicine. Third example include the experiments on agriculture crops (specifically wheat) in year 1999, in which Recombinant DNA was modified of wheat plants that enabled producing wheat plant resistant to herbicides and pests, with better yield per acre (LeVine, 2006). Therefore, these scientific discoveries in genetic engineering field has provided us insight about curing diseases and improve plants productivity which were seem to be uncontrollable few decades earlier.

Earthquake in South Asian Countries
Earths structure is composed of hot inner core that is covered by lithosphere, a cooler layer covering the hot inner core. Sudden disturbance in inner core structure creates significant earthquakes and volcano eruption. Sudden release of energy in Earths crust creates tremors and severe seismic shockwaves known as earthquake. There are many reasons assigned to earthquake appearance in any particular region. Shift in crust plates creates faults in bed which may be normal, reverse thrust and strike slip. It may occur due to expansion or converge in plates which create seismic waves of certain magnitude. Scientists have segmented the world in various regions based on the tectonic plates structure this helped in classifying the regions as severe, normal, minimal earthquake affected areas. However recent transformation in earthquake shift to areas which seemed to be normal has resulted in forcing scientist to redefine their knowledge and concept concerning the expected potential regions of earthquake.

An earthquake of magnitude 7.5  hit the Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Indian region on October 8th, 2005 altitude 34.432N, 73.537E (UN OCHA, 2005). This resulted in creating a diagonal shift in Indian Tectonic Plate which resulted in shifting of Earth crust to few centimeters. Normally, earthquakes appear in volcanic region where tectonic plates show considerable continuous movement resulting in rapid contraction between conjoint plates that creates burst in seismic waves resulting in severe shockwaves associated to magma temperature and pressure that affects the tectonic plates movement due to change in earth crust pressure. However, earthquake of 2005 in Asian countries had Epicenter below 10km near Muzaffarabad region of Kashmir appeared at 830 local region time. This resulted in loss of more than 100,000 people whereas economic loss remains undefined.

The earthquake was countered by more than 10 aftershocks of more than 5.6 magnitudes. This resulted in certain social and scientific implications about the understanding for earthquakes appearance and significant losses for people. Mostly, earthquakes appear in sequences due to simultaneous shift in plates connected to each other. In contrast to Mount St. Helens eruption in which magma movement created volcano eruption and simultaneous earthquake located near tectonic plate, this earthquake in Asian countries signified the shift in earth crust beds for unknown reasons as no volcano is located near the region region was considered to felt tremors, not supposed to act as epicenter of such a high magnitude (Oreskes, 2005). This theory is supported by latest earthquake in Haiti on January 12, 2010 which hit the region with magnitude of 7.0 occurred due to shift in Caribbean Tectonic Plate. This region has faced many such big earthquakes in past that created formation of islands near Haiti, and so specifically this island too.

In contrast to predefined theories regarding probabilistic assumption of earthquake prediction in regions near tectonic plates, stable vector places have been classified as possibility of facing small magnitude tremors however particularly in the specified case, Epicenter that created a shallow focus magnitude of 7.5 with significantly high magnitudes created a shift in scientific perception about the Earth structure and forecasted shift in crust plates. Therefore, scientists are now focusing on estimating the parameters that result in creation of Epicenter irrespective of theoretical perspective which include the role of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere in creating enormous pressure in Earth crust (Oreskes, 2005). Many scientists are now moving towards explaining the earthquake reasons due to factors located in atmosphere which brings significant changes in Earth Crust internal structure. However, this can be supported by Astrophysics research which defines creation of new mini-poles and polar reversal due to electromagnet induction from atmosphere to Earth magnetic field that create cyclic movement in Earth crust in a particular direction which result in severe seismic waves creating earthquakes of high magnitudes.

These researches and predictions that are focusing on atmospheric factors for explaining the changes in earth structure have provided a new insight in understanding the natural world and its functioning. Different chaos patterns have emerged in a sequential flow of probabilistic assumptions to predict the location, time and magnitude of activities occurring in Earth structure due to in-depth analysis of scientist in external factors apart from considering factors internal to Earth crust layers.

Scientific revolution has been unfolding many perspectives concerning the life and structural components. Researches in all scientific fields have been changing our perception due to new findings and insights. However, research in diverse fields have own implications such as Genetic engineering have been facing ethical responses from social backgrounds due to its productive function on human genetic engineering. Similar to that, diverse earthquake appearance in many regions of Earth creating expansion of tectonic plates and integration of new Epicenters has resulted in integration of diverse researches to formulate an effective knowledge research.